The Justice System
Canada is based on the rule of law and a tradition of justice that protects the rights of every individual. The courts and the police uphold the law fairly, and everyone is treated as equal before it.
The rule of law
Canada is founded on the rule of law. This means that the law applies to everyone, including governments, police and public officials. No one is above the law. Our laws are based on recorded history, customs and shared values, and they are meant to keep people safe, resolve disputes fairly, and protect individual rights.
The courts
The judiciary, made up of the courts and judges, is independent of the other branches of government. The courts settle disputes and ensure the law is applied fairly.
- The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court in the country and the final court of appeal.
- Each province and territory has its own courts, including appeal courts and trial courts.
- Federal courts deal with matters under federal jurisdiction.
- Judges are appointed to be independent, so they can make decisions free from political pressure.
The role of the police
The police keep people safe and enforce the law. They are there to protect you, and you should not be afraid of contacting them when you need help. In Canada, the police are accountable to the law just like everyone else.
- The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is the national police force and also serves many provinces and municipalities under contract.
- Some provinces and many cities have their own police forces.
- If you are stopped by the police, stay calm and ask if you may leave or whether you are being detained.
- You can report a crime or seek help by contacting your local police service.
The presumption of innocence
In Canada, a person charged with a crime is presumed innocent until proven guilty in a fair trial. This is one of the most important protections in the justice system. The accused has the right to a fair and public hearing, the right to be defended, and the right to be judged by a court. These protections ensure that justice is done and seen to be done.